ABSTRACT
Objetivos: realizar el estudio fitoquímico cualitativo para determinar la actividad antioxidante y toxicidad sobre Artemia salina de los extractos de las hojas de Justicia secunda Vahl, recolectada en Mérida, Venezuela. Metodología: el tamizaje fitoquímico de los extractos de las hojas de Justicia secunda Vahl. (Acanthaceae) se realizó a través de pruebas químicas específicas y permitió determinar la presencia de este-roles en el extracto hexanoico; esteroles y compuestos fenólicos en el diclorometanoico; alcaloides, esteroles y compuestos fenólicos en el extracto etanólico. La actividad antioxidante de los extractos de J. secunda fue evaluada usando el método de la capacidad secuestrante de radicales libres de 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazilo (DPPH») mediante espectrofotometría UV-visible a una longitud de onda de 517 nm, con ácido ascórbico como control positivo (176 µg/rnL). Resultados: los extractos diclorometanoico y etanólico mostraron actividad antioxidante, con un porcentaje de inhibición superior a 50 a 4 mg/mL y a una concentración de 0,75 mg/mL un porcentaje de inhibición de 27,7 y 53,0; IC50 de 1,85 mg/mL y 0,69 mg/mL, respectivamente. En cuanto a la toxicidad sobre A. salina, del extracto etanólico mostró una DL50 entre 919,32 y 3781,9 ppm y es relativamente inocuo, según la clasificación CYTED. Conclusión: en general, los resultados obtenidos sugieren que los extractos de las hojas de J. secunda Vahl, podrían ser una alternativa en la formulación de fármacos, debido a su potencial como antioxidante y su baja toxicidad.
SUMMARY Aims: To carry out the qualitative phytochemical study to determine the antioxidant activity and toxicity on Artemia salina of the extracts of the leaves of Justicia secunda Vahl, collected in Mérida, Venezuela. Methodology: Phytochemical screening of extracts from the aerial parts of Justicia secunda Vahl. (Acanthaceae) was carried out through specific chemical tests that allowed the presence of sterols in the hexanoic extract to be determined; sterols and phenolic compounds in the dichloromethane and alkaloids, sterols and phenolic compounds in the ethanolic extract. The antioxidant activity of extracts from the aerial parts of J. secunda was evaluated by using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPHâ¢) radical scavenging method, using spectrophotometry UV-Visible at a wavelength of 517 nm, with ascorbic acid as control (176 µg/mL). Results: The dichloromethane and ethanolic extracts showed anti-oxidant activity, with an inhibition percentage higher than 50 to 4 mg/mL and at a concentration of 0.75 mg / mL, percentage of 27.7 and 53.0; IC50 of 1.85 mg/mL and 0.69 mg/mL, respectively. Regarding toxicity on A. salina, the ethanolic extract showed an LD50 between 919.32 and 3781.9 ppm, it was relatively harmless, according to the CYTED classification. Conclusion: Overall, the results obtained suggest that the extracts of the aerial parts of J. secunda Vahl, could be an alternative for future drug formulation since it has potent antioxidant activity and low toxicity.
Objetivo: realizar o estudo fitoquímico qualitativo para determinar a atividade antioxidante e toxicidade sobre Artemia salina dos extratos das folhas de Justicia secunda Vahl, coletadas em Mérida, Venezuela. Metodologia: triagem fitoquímica de extratos das partes aéreas de Justicia secunda Vahl. (Acanthaceae) foi realizado por meio de testes químicos específicos e permitiu determinar a presença de esteróis no extrato hexanoico; esteróis e compostos fenólicos no diclorometano e alcalóides, esteróis e compostos fenólicos no extrato etanólico. A atividade antioxidante de extratos das partes aéreas de J. secunda foi avaliada pelo método de sequestro do radical 1,1-difenil-2-picrilhidrazil (DPPH»), por espectrofotometria UV-Visível no comprimento de onda de 517 nm, com ácido ascórbico como controle (176 µg/mL). Resultados: os extratos diclorometano e etanólico apresentaram atividade antioxidante, com percentual de inibição superior a 50 a 4 mg/mL e na concentração de 0,75 mg/ mL, percentagem de 27,7 e 53,0; IC50 de 1,85 mg/mL e 0,69 mg/mL, respectivamente. Em relação à toxicidade sobre A. salina, o extrato etanólico apresentou DL50 entre 919,32 e 3781,9 ppm, sendo relativamente inofensivo, segundo a classificação CYTED. Conclusão: de maneira geral, os resultados obtidos sugerem que os extratos das partes aéreas de J. secunda Vahl, podem ser uma alternativa para futura formulação de fármacos por apresentarem potente atividade antioxidante e baixa toxicidade.
ABSTRACT
Hygrophila salicifolia is an erect herb (family: Acanthaceae). It has many medicinal uses like diuretic and anti inflammatory in traditional systems of medicine. Till date no data available for its standardisation therefore isolation of phytoconstituent was done from methanolic extract of Hygrophila salicifolia. Besides a known flavonoid, Isoquercitrin was isolated for the first time from a Hygrophila species, namely Hygrophila salicifolia (Acanthaceae). Its structure was established on the basis of its spectroscopic data.
ABSTRACT
O gênero Justicia L. pode ser considerado o maior gênero de Acanthaceae, com cerca de 600 espécies. No gênero Justicia são relatados a presença de lignanas, flavanóides, terpenóides e alcaloides, que possuem grande importância na farmacologia. Neste estudo, o objetivo consistiu em observar e registrar as principais classes de metabólitos secundários das estruturas foliares da espécie Justicia nodicaulis (Nees) Leonard, ocorrente na área de Preservação Ambiental na Unidade Experimental do Centro Universitário de Anápolis GO. Foram reunidas porções de folhas jovens (proporção de tamanho menor) e adultas (proporção de tamanho maior), sendo preferivelmente extraídas descensionalmente do terceiro nó, identificadas logo abaixo da extremidade da espécime, coletou-se amostras de 10 espécimes de J. nodicaulis (Nees) Leonard ao longo do córrego da área experimental do Centro Universitário de Anápolis. Materiais que foram adquiridos com o objetivo de realizar a prospecção fitoquímica e levantamento dos óleos essenciais. Para a análise qualitativa das classes de metabólicos secundários mais ocorrentes na espécie, utilizou-se metodologias descritas nas literaturas da ciência da fitoquímica. Entre os resultados, foram obtidos nas folhas novas e adultas, cumarinas, taninos, heterosídeos antraquinônicos, flavonóides, cardioativos e saponínicos. Entre o levantamento dos óleos essenciais foram obtidos 49 integrantes mais ocorrentes da literatura analisada.
The genus Justicia L. can be considered the largest genus of Acanthaceae, with about 600 species. In the Justicia genus, the presence of lignans, flavonoids, terpenoids and alkaloids are reported, which are of great importance in pharmacology. The objective of this study was to observe and record the main classes of secondary metabolites of the leaf structures of the species Justicia nodicaulis (Nees) Leonard, occurring in the area of Environmental Preservation at the University Center of Anápolis - GO. Portions of young leaves (proportion of smaller size) and adults (larger size ratio) were collected, preferably being extracted descendingly from the third node, identified just below the end of the specimen, samples were collected from 10 specimens of J. nodicaulis (Nees ) Leonard along the creek of the experimental area of the University Center of Anápolis. Materials that were purchased for the purpose of performing the phytochemical prospecting and survey of the essential oils. For the qualitative analysis of the classes of secondary metabolites most present in the species, we used methodologies described in the literature of the science of phytochemistry. Among the results, new and adult leaves, coumarins, tannins, anthraquinone heterosides, flavonoids, cardioactive and saponin were obtained. Between the survey of the essential oils, 49 members were obtained more occurring in the analyzed literature.
Subject(s)
BotanyABSTRACT
In the present study, two new diterpenoid lactones, 3-deoxy-andrographoside (1) and 14-deoxy-15-methoxy-andrographolide (2), were isolated from the aerial parts of Andrographis paniculata. Their structures were elucidated by combination of NMR, MS, and chemical methods. The configurations of 1 and 2 were established based on the analysis of ROESY data and single crystal X-ray diffraction experiment.
Subject(s)
Andrographis , Chemistry , Diterpenes , Chemistry , Lactones , ChemistryABSTRACT
Abstract A new iridoid glycoside, barlupulin C methyl ester (1), together with two known phenylethanoid glycosides (2 and 3) and three known simple phenolic glycosides (4-6) were isolated from the aerial parts of Barleria lupulina Lindl., Acanthaceae. The structure of the new compound (1) was elucidated through 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data, and HR-ESIMS. Interestingly, compound (1) has a formate group attached to the C-6 hydroxy group of the glucose unit. Compounds 2-6 were identified as poliumoside (2), decaffeoylacteoside (3), protocatechuic acid 4-O-β-glucoside (4), vanillic acid 4-O-β-glucoside (5), and leonuriside A (6) on the basis of NMR spectroscopic data analyses and comparison with those reported in the literature. Compounds 3-6 were isolated from B. lupulina for the first time.
ABSTRACT
AbstractAphelandra scabra (Vahl) Sm., Acanthaceae, is a shrub widely used by some Mayan communities as carminative, antidote, and remedy for some infections. Bio-guided isolation of the methanol extract of leaves led us to the purification of the anti-giardial metabolites cirsimaritin and sorbifolin, along with the inactive metabolites cirsimarin, sorbifolin-6-O-β-glucopyranoside, and squalene. Cirsimaritin displayed high activity in the anti-giardial bioassay with an IC50 = 3.8 μM, being considered as outstanding when compared to previous reported metabolites, while sorbifolin showed a low activity with an IC50 = 75.6 μM. Additionally, both compounds proved not to be cytotoxic in an in vitro bioassay against HEK-293, a normal cell line. This is the first investigation on anti-giardial properties of A. scabra and its phytochemistry as well, thus the isolated compounds are considered as new for the plant genus and for the species.
ABSTRACT
The Acanthaceae family is an important source of therapeutic drugs, and the ethnopharmacological knowledge of this family requires urgent documentation as several of its species are near extinction. Justicia is the largest genus of Acanthaceae, with approximately 600 species. The present work provides a review addressing the chemistry and pharmacology of the genus Justicia. In addition, the biological activities of compounds isolated from the genus are also covered. The chemical and pharmacological information in the present work may inspire new biomedical applications for the species of Justicia, considering atom economy, the synthesis of environmentally benign products without producing toxic by-products, the use of renewable sources of raw materials, and the search for processes with maximal efficiency of energy.
ABSTRACT
We provide the first information on the morphology of the immature stages (egg, larva, and pupa), oviposition and larval behavior, and host plant, for the Brazilian crescent butterfly Ortilia liriope (Cramer), based on material from Santarém Municipality, Pará State, Northern Brazil. Females of O. liriope lay eggs in clusters. After hatching, larvae eat the exochorion and remain gregarious in all but the final instar. The host plant recorded in the study site is Justicia sp. (Acanthaceae). Despite the scarcity of data on the immature stages of Neotropical Melitaeini, we can already say that some morphological and behavioral traits observed in the immature stages of O. liriope are also present in all known genera in this tribe.
Subject(s)
Animals , Butterflies/growth & development , Brazil , Larva , Pupa , ZygoteABSTRACT
In this paper, the influence of the altitude in the phenols and flavonoids contents and the antioxidant activity of the extracts of different polarities of Justicia pectoralis Jacq(Acanthaceae) was evaluated. There was found that the plants cultivated under the Ibagué-Tolima's climate and soil conditions, can be a source of antioxidant compounds, especially in water preparations. The chromatographic analysis revealed that J. pectoralis extracts have mainly flavonoids of the flavonone type, as apigenine. A greater (or The greatest) content of flavonoids was detected in the ethanolic extract of the plant samples grown at 1 265 m.a.s.l. (meters above sea level) (2 748,03 mg/L). The altitude level does not seem to have any influence on the functional properties, neither on the phytophenols content. The J. pectoralis Jacq can be considered one species with a high therapeutic potential and with good commercial opportunities.
En este trabajo se evaluó la influencia de la altitud en el contenido de fenoles y flavonoides y la actividad antioxidante de los extractos de diferentes polaridades provenientes de Justicia pectorales (Acanthaceae). Se halló que las plantas cultivadas en las condiciones del suelo y el clima de la zona Ibagué-Tolima pueden constituirse en compuestos antioxidantes, especialmente en preparados acuosos. El análisis cromatográfico reveló que los extractos de J. pectorales poseen en lo fundamental flavonoides del tipo flavona como es la apigenina. Un mayor contenido (sino el mayor) de flavonoides se detectó en el extracto etanol obtenido de las muestras de la planta cultivadas a 1 265 metros por encima del nivel del mar (2 748,03 mg/L). La altitud no parece influir en las propiedades funcionales, ni en el contenido de fitofenoles del extracto. La J. pectorales puede considerarse una especie de gran potencial terapéutico y buenas posibilidades de comercialización.
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study is to describe interactions between hummingbirds and ornithophilous species at Serra da Bodoquena in midwest Brazil, with focus on flowering phenology and pollination of these plant species. In two habitats, gallery forest and semi-deciduous forest, data on flowering phenology of ornithophilous species were collected monthly over 14 months. In addition, data on morphology and floral biology, as well as visitor frequency and hummingbird behavior, were recorded. The studied community contained eight ornithophilous plant species and six hummingbird species. The ornithophilous species flowered throughout the year, and the greatest abundance of flowers was at the end of the rainy season and the beginning of the dry one. The herit huingbird Phaethornis pretrei and feales of Thalurania furcata, were the most similar in floral resource use. Acanthaceae is the most representative family of ornithophilous plant species in Serra da Bodoquena and, thus, represents the main food source for hummingbirds. Ruellia angustiflora is especially important because it flowers continuously throughout the year and is a significant food resource for P. pretrei, which is the main visitor for this plant guild.
O objetivo deste estudo é descrever as interações entre beijaflores e espécies ornitófilas na Serra da Bodoquena na região Centro-Oeste do Brasil, com foco na fenologia de floração e polinização destas espécies vegetais. Em dois habitats, mata ciliar e floresta semi-decídua, dados de fenologia de floração de espécies ornitófilas foram coletados mensalmente ao longo de 14 meses. Além disso, dados de morfologia e biologia floral bem como a frequência dos visitantes e o comportamento dos beija-flores foram registrados. A comunidade estudada contém oito espécies de plantas ornitófilas e seis espécies de beija-flores. As espécies ornitófilas floresceram todo o ano, e a maior abundância de flores foi no final da estação chuvosa e início da seca. O beija-flor eremita Phaethornis pretrei e a fêmea de Thalurania furcata foram os mais similares no uso dos recursos florais. Acanthaceae é a família mais representativa das espécies vegetais ornitófilas na Serra da Bodoquena e representa a principal fonte de recurso para os beija-flores. Ruellia angustiflora é especialmente importante porque floresce continuamente ao longo do ano e é uma importante fonte de recurso para P. pretrei, que é o principal visitante floral para esta guilda de plantas.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Birds/physiology , Flowers/growth & development , Pollination/physiology , Brazil , Ecosystem , Feeding Behavior , Reproduction/physiology , Seasons , TreesABSTRACT
The micromorphology of foliar trichomes of Hypoestes aristata var. aristata was studied using stereo, light and scanning microscopy (SEM). This genus belongs to the advanced angiosperm family Acanthaceae, for which few micromorphological leaf studies exist. Results revealed both glandular and non-glandular trichomes, the latter being more abundant on leaf veins, particularly on the abaxial surface of very young leaves. With leaf maturity, the density of non-glandular trichomes decreased. Glandular trichomes were rare and of two types: long-stalked capitate and globose-like peltate trichomes. Capitate trichomes were observed only on the abaxial leaf surface, while peltate trichomes were distributed on both adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces.
Subject(s)
Acanthaceae/ultrastructure , Plant Leaves/ultrastructure , Africa South of the Sahara , Acanthaceae/classification , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning , Phylogeny , Plant Leaves/classificationABSTRACT
La familia Acanthaceae es reconocida en el Perú por presentar 41 géneros y alrededor de 275 especies (Brako & Zarucchi, 1993; Ulloa Ulloa et al., 2004), básicamente arbustos y hierbas. En este trabajo reconocemos 42 taxones endémicos en 15 géneros. Tres de estos géneros, Cephalacanthus, Orophochilus y Trichosanchezia, son endémicos al Perú. La mayoría de los taxones endémicos ocupan las regiones Bosques Muy Húmedos Montanos y Bosques Húmedos Amazónicos, entre los 100 y 2870 m de altitud. Siete de los endemismos están representados por lo menos en una área natural protegida.
The Acanthaceae are represented in Peru by 41 genera and approximately 275 species (Brako & Zarucchi, 1993; Ulloa Ulloa et al., 2004), basically shrubs and herbs. Here we recognize 42 endemic taxa in 15 genera. Three genera, Cephalacanthus, Orophochilus and Trichosanchezia, are endemic to Peru. Most endemic Acanthaceae are found in the Very Humid Montane and Humid Lowland Amazonian Forests regions, between 100 and 2870 m elevation. Seven endemic species are represented within Peru's protected areas system.